Justicia procumbens
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Species name: Justicia procumbens
Justicia procumbens or Water Willow is an perennial shrub plant having medicinal properties. The plant is also used as an ornamental plant due to its slender, tubular flowers.
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Angiosperm phylogeny. This image is copyrighted. Rights owned by Theodore C.H.Cole (Heidelberg) and Hartmut H. Hilger (Berlin) 2010. Please obtain copyright permissions before reuse.
Click here for the PDF of the phylogeny
- Species identity and nomenclature
- Current Wikipedia entry
- Binomial Classification
- Morphological features
- Habitat and Geographical Spread
- Maps
- Medicinal Importance
- Cultural significance
- Commercial importance and cultivation
- Summary of PubMed articles
- Summary of NCBI molecular data
- External Links
- Images and Videos
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Names of users who have contributed to this species page | Gauravm | |
| Date on which this page was first created | 2010/10/05 | |
| This page was last modified on: | 6 October 2010 03:05:48 | |
| Name of the species | Justicia procumbens | |
| ID on Encyclopedia of Life | ||
| Synonyms | Please check Binomial Classification section for synonyms. | |
| Common English Names | Water willow, Shrimp plant | |
| Common Hindi Names | करंबल Karambal (Marathi) | |
| Common Indian names | करंबल Karambal, पित्तपापडा Pitpapada, कलमाशी Kalmashi (Marathi);ஆரம் arm, கந்தேறு knteyu, கோடகசாலை kotakacalai, குக்குரம் kukkurm (Tamil); घाटी पित्तपापड Ghati Pitpapad (Konkani) | Flowers of India |
| Origins/Meanings of the common names | The genus name honors Scottish horticulturist James Justice (1698-1763). Common names include water-willow and shrimp plant, the latter from the inflorescences, which resemble a shrimp in some species. | Wikipedia Justicia entry |
Taxonomy from Encyclopedia of Life
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Taxonomy filled in form
Click here for the PDF of the phylogeny
| Taxon | Value |
|---|---|
| Regnum (Kingdom) | Plantae |
| Division | Magnoliophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Lamiales |
| Family | Acanthaceae |
| Genus | Justicia |
| Source of data | Encyclopedia of Life |
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| Division | Taxon details | Taxon morphology details |
|---|---|---|
| Magnoliophyta | Also called Angiospermae. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms around 245–202 million years ago, and the first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million years ago. They diversified enormously during the Lower Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million years ago, but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only around 60-100 million years ago. | These are seed plants like Gymnosperms, but can be differentiated by the presence of flowers, seeds containing endosperm and seeds that produce a fruit. Angiosperms are the most diverse and highly evolutionarily successful group of land plants. |
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| Class | Taxon details | Taxon morphology details |
|---|---|---|
| Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida is the scientific name for dicots. This class contains about ~1,99,350 species of Angiosperms. Eudicots are a subset of Dicots. Based on chloroplast DNA sequences, the divergence date between monocots and dicots is estimated to be ~200 million years, with a 40 million years uncertainty. | Dicots are diverse in habit, with half of all the species being more or less woody-stemmed - a reflection of the usual presence of a vascular cambium in the class. Annuals, biennials, vines, epiphytes, aquatics, parasites, and saprotrophs are also well represented in dicots. Vascular bundles of the stem are usually borne in a ring that encloses the pith. Vessel elements present except in some putatively primitive woody or aquatic families. Most dicots have a primary root system derived from the radicle, although some have an adventitious root system commonly seen in the class of monocots. Cotyledons are usually 2, seldom 1, 3, or 4. Leaves are mostly net-veined. |
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| Order | Taxon details | Taxon morphology details |
|---|---|---|
| Lamiales | Species in this order probably arose ~70-100 million years ago based on various estimates. Lamiales contain ~12% of eudicot diversity. Well-known or economically important members of this order include lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, the ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary. | Members of this species are herbaceous or shrubby, have mono-symmetric flowers and numerous small seeds. Species in this order typically have the following characteristics, although there are exceptions to all of them - 1) superior ovary composed of two fused carpels 2) five petals fused into a tube 3) bilaterally symmetrical, often bilabiate corollas and 4) four (or fewer) fertile stamens |
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| Family | Taxon details | Taxon morphology details |
|---|---|---|
| Acanthaceae | The family Acanthaceae (or Acanthus family) is one of the most successful Angiosperm dicot taxon. It contains almost 250 genera and 2500-4000 species. These species are mostly distributed in the tropics as herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. The representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, in scrublands, on wet fields and valleys, at the sea coast and in marine areas, and in swamps and as an element of mangrove woods. | Plants in this family have simple, opposite, decussate leaves with entire (or sometimes toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without stipules. The leaves may contain cystoliths, calcium carbonate concretions, seen as streaks on the surface.
The flowers are perfect, zygomorphic to nearly actinomorphic, and arranged in an inflorescence that is either a spike, raceme, or cyme. Typically there is a colorful bract subtending each flower; in some species the bract is large and showy. The calyx is usually 4-5 lobed; the corolla tubular, 2-lipped or 5-lobed; stamens either 2 or 4 arranged in pairs and inserted on the corolla; and the ovary superior, 2-carpellate, with axile placentation. The fruit is a two-celled capsule, dehiscing somewhat explosively. In most species, the seeds are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified funiculus called a jaculator) that ejects them from the capsule. |
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Based on classification
| Family | Taxon details | Taxon morphology details |
|---|---|---|
| Acanthaceae | The family Acanthaceae (or Acanthus family) is one of the most successful Angiosperm dicot taxon. It contains almost 250 genera and 2500-4000 species. These species are mostly distributed in the tropics as herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. The representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, in scrublands, on wet fields and valleys, at the sea coast and in marine areas, and in swamps and as an element of mangrove woods. | Plants in this family have simple, opposite, decussate leaves with entire (or sometimes toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without stipules. The leaves may contain cystoliths, calcium carbonate concretions, seen as streaks on the surface.
The flowers are perfect, zygomorphic to nearly actinomorphic, and arranged in an inflorescence that is either a spike, raceme, or cyme. Typically there is a colorful bract subtending each flower; in some species the bract is large and showy. The calyx is usually 4-5 lobed; the corolla tubular, 2-lipped or 5-lobed; stamens either 2 or 4 arranged in pairs and inserted on the corolla; and the ovary superior, 2-carpellate, with axile placentation. The fruit is a two-celled capsule, dehiscing somewhat explosively. In most species, the seeds are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified funiculus called a jaculator) that ejects them from the capsule. |
More details can be found in the Binomial Classification section.
Morphology from Encyclopedia of Life
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General morphology
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| General morphological features of the plant | Annual, diffusely branched, up to 30 cm, herb with procumbent to ascending strigose-hispid, sulcate branches. Leaves on c. 5 mm long petioles; lamina lanceolate-elliptic, 1-2 (-3) x 0.5-1 (-1.2) cm, scabrid above, glabrescent strigose hairy beneath, entire, acute at base and apex, drying dark green. Inflorescence a terminal, up to 2.5 cm long spike. Flower pink, c. 10 mm long; bracts obovate, c. 4 mm long, midrib broad, scarious-ciliate on margins; bracteoles lanceolate, slightly longer and broader than bracts, margins narrowly scarious-ciliate, acute. Calyx 4-lobed, rarely a 5th rudimentary lobe present, lobes lanceolate, c. 4 mm long, subequal, margins scarious-ciliate, acute. Corolla tube c. 3.5 mm long, narrow, upper lip nearly as long as tube, slightly notched; lower lip ± orbicular, c. 6 mm long, puberulous outside, 3-lobed. Staminal filaments c. 3 mm long, anthers oblong, c. 0.7 mm long. Ovary oblong, pubescent; style filiform, c. 4 mm long, Capsule oblong, as long as style, sparsely hairy, pointed. Seeds ± ovate, c. 1 mm long."Annual, diffusely branched, up to 30 cm, herb with procumbent to ascending strigose-hispid, sulcate branches. Leaves on c. 5 mm long petioles; lamina lanceolate-elliptic, 1-2 (-3) x 0.5-1 (-1.2) cm, scabrid above, glabrescent strigose hairy beneath, entire, acute at base and apex, drying dark green. Inflorescence a terminal, up to 2.5 cm long spike. Flower pink, c. 10 mm long; bracts obovate, c. 4 mm long, midrib broad, scarious-ciliate on margins; bracteoles lanceolate, slightly longer and broader than bracts, margins narrowly scarious-ciliate, acute. Calyx 4-lobed, rarely a 5th rudimentary lobe present, lobes lanceolate, c. 4 mm long, subequal, margins scarious-ciliate, acute. Corolla tube c. 3.5 mm long, narrow, upper lip nearly as long as tube, slightly notched; lower lip ± orbicular, c. 6 mm long, puberulous outside, 3-lobed. Staminal filaments c. 3 mm long, anthers oblong, c. 0.7 mm long. Ovary oblong, pubescent; style filiform, c. 4 mm long, Capsule oblong, as long as style, sparsely hairy, pointed. Seeds ± ovate, c. 1 mm long." cannot be used as a page name in this wiki. | EoL through eFloras.org |
| Seed dispersal mechanism | ||
|---|---|---|
| Bloom type | ||
| Life cycle of the plant |
How to identify this species
For a detailed description, refer to the General Morphology details above
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Type of plant | ||
| Plant height | ||
| Flower color | ||
| Flower shape | ||
| Floral symmetry | ||
| Phyllotaxy of leaves | ||
| Leaf shape | ||
| Is the leaf petiolated or sessile? | ||
| Is the leaf simple or compound? |
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| IUCN Conservation Status | Not Evaluated | EoL |
| Indian States in which the species has been documented | Andhra Pradesh,Goa,Gujarat,Karnataka,Kerala,Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,Meghalaya,Nagaland,Rajasthan,Tamil Nadu,Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal | |
| Locations at which the species has been documented | Ahmednagar;Alwar;Balaghat;Bharatpur;Bilaspur;Dakshin Kannada;Dharmapuri;Goa;Hoshangabad;Hyderabad;Indore;Jaisalmer;Jhalawar;Jhunjhunun;Jowai;Kodagu;Kohima;Kolar;Malappuram;Medak;nagerhaveli;Nasik;Osmanabad;Palaghat;Pulni;Raigad;Raigarh;Rajnandgaon;Salem;Sikar;Sindhudurg;Sirohi;Srikakulam;Surguja;Tiruchi;Traancore;Udaipur | |
| Biotic zones inhabited | ||
| Details about the habitat | ||
| Is this species native to India? | ||
| Is the species indigenous/endemic to Sub-Himalayan regions? | ||
| Is the species indigenous/endemic to Western Ghats? | ||
| Is the species indigenous/endemic to Eastern Ghats? |
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Plant is not native or native status not filled in |
If no maps are displayed below, it means the required data is absent. Click on "Edit with form" button on top of the page to add this information.
{{#generateMap:Andhra Pradesh,Goa,Gujarat,Karnataka,Kerala,Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,Meghalaya,Nagaland,Rajasthan,Tamil Nadu,Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal|Justicia_procumbens_brahma.svg|align=center}}
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| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Does this species have any medicinal use? | Yes |
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Other plants of the same family having medicinal use:
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| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| General types of ailments this species is used for treating | Pains and Inflammation, Common ailments | |
| Specific ailments for which the species is used | Laxative, Diuretic, Eczema, Asthma, Coughs, Rheumatism, Ophthalmia, Backache, Plethora, Flatulence. | Watt book, Flowers of India |
| Medicinal systems which use this plant | Folk Medicine | |
| Details of Medicinal use | The plant, collected and dried when in flower, can be used as a substitute for Fumaria as a laxative, diuretic and skin conditions like eczema (Watt book)
Plant extracts are also administered in local medicine as expectorants in asthma, coughs, and rheumatism. In Ophthalmia, leaf juice is squeezed into the eyes of the patient. The odor of the whole plant is unpleasant; it is used in decoction for backache, plethora, and flatulence. |
Watt book, Flowers of India |
| Parts of the plant used for treatment | Leaves, Other | Watt book |
| Names of some medicinal active compounds in this plant, if known. | ||
| Details of the active chemical compounds found in this plant | ||
| Is the molecular basis of the medicinal action known? | ||
| Details of molecular basis of action | ||
| Are the toxic effects of consumption of this plant known? | ||
| Details of the toxic effects of the plant species | ||
| Have there been validation/clinical studies related to this plant? | ||
| Details of the clinical studies related to the plant species |
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Is this plant/plant-derived product used in food preparations? | ||
| Part(s) of the plant used in the food preparations | ||
| Details of use in food preparations | ||
| Does this species have any religious significance? | ||
| Religions which mention/give significance to this species | ||
| Religious occasions | ||
| Details of religious use |
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Is this plant cultivated commercially in India? | ||
| Uses for which the plant is commercially cultivated | ||
| Plant parts of commercial value | ||
| Products where this plant is used | User-reported | |
| Description of use | ||
| States where this plant is cultivated commercially | ||
| Best period for planting this plant | ||
| Best period for harvesting this plant | ||
| Method of propagation | ||
| Water requirement of this plant | ||
| Pests and Diseases affecting this plant during cultivation | ||
| Other considerations while cultivating this plant |
Pubmed Word cloud
This word cloud is obtained using the tool LigerCat by searching the Pubmed database. LigerCat builds the cloud from the most relevant Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. Each term's relative size indicates how many times it appears in the PubMed search results. Click on a term to access the full LigerCat cloud, with live PubMed search capabilities. LigerCat has been developed for the Biology of Aging Project.
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- If there is an error message below, it means that there is no retrievable information available on NCBI
- If the number of nucleotide sequences is less than 100, very little genomic work has been done on this species. A respectable number of nucleotide sequences is above 10000.
- Most of the nucleotide sequences may come from three sources:
- Studies on single genes, where people try to sequence genes such as some specific dehydrogenases important,say, for tannin production
- Sequences of Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer, whose sequence is used for generating molecular phylogenetic trees to establish species relationships
- Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) which can tell about which genes are present and expressed in the species at a particular time in the given tissue
{{#queryDB:taxonomy |Justicia procumbens }}
| Parameter | Value(s) | References See complete references in the References section at the end |
|---|---|---|
| Details of modern scientific knowledge available for this species | ||
| Are herbarium specimen available for this species? | ||
| Institutes having herbarium samples |
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References
Watt Book (Book) : http://books.google.com/books?id=fZPXAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA557&ots=gRt2rgKILW&dq=Justicia%20procumbens%20medicine%20india&pg=PA558#v=onepage&q=Justicia%20procumbens%20medicine%20india&f=false (1890),', ISBN: {{{bookisbn}}}
Flowers of India (Web): Flowers of India entry, Accessdate=2010-10-05
EoL (Web): Encyclopedia of Life, Accessdate=2010-10-05
Plants Database of India (Web): Plants Database of India entry, Accessdate=2010-10-05
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