Template:Taxobox
Template documentation
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This template sets up a {{taxobox}}, a table setting out the Biological classification (taxonomy) for a group of living things with a choice of over 135 parameters. Although the implementation is complicated, it is relatively simple to use. For an example in practice, look at the edit page of killer whale – [1]. Most parameters are optional, so if a particular entry is not relevant for your case, just leave it out. This guide has come out of WikiProject Tree of life. Contents
Usage
{{Taxobox
| name =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_width =
| image2_alt =
| image2_caption =
| regnum = [[wikipedia:Plant|Plant]]ae (or...)
| divisio =
| classis =
| ordo =
| familia =
| genus =
| species =
| binomial =
| binomial_authority =
| range_map = <!--optional map,
- also range_map2, 3 or 4 -->
| range_map_width =
| range_map_alt =
| range_map_caption =
| <!--or 115 other parameters-->
}}
Colors are automatically assigned based on the table below.
Quick start and examplesPlant species
{{Taxobox
| name =
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio =
| classis =
| ordo =
| familia =
| genus =
| species =
| binomial =
| binomial_authority =
}}
Animal species
{{Taxobox
| name =
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum =
| classis =
| ordo =
| familia =
| genus =
| species =
| binomial =
| binomial_authority =
}}
Plant higher taxon
{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio =
| classis =
| ordo =
| familia =
| genus =
| genus_authority =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
Animal higher taxon
{{Taxobox
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum =
| classis =
| ordo =
| familia =
| genus =
| genus_authority =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
ParametersNameFor plants, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora). For all other living things, the name should be the most common vernacular name when one is in widespread use, and a scientific name otherwise.
ColorThe color is automatically assigned based on the entry for "regnum" (or "virus_group"); there is no need to specify it manually.
The eukaryote box uses the color "#e0d0b0", but since it is split completely into kingdoms other eukaryote groups should not. ClassificationAs noted above, the classification section includes some or all of the following: | regnum = | phylum = | classis = | ordo = | familia = | genus = | species = Each entry corresponds to a containing group, except for the last, which should be the group under consideration. Note the entries use the Latin names for the ranks, to make porting between Wikipedias easier. Thus the above correspond to the kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Taxoboxes should include all major ranks above the taxon described in the article, plus minor ranks that are important to understanding the classification of the taxon described in the article, or which are discussed in the article. Other minor ranks should be omitted. For example, in the taxobox for the genus Formica, it's appropriate to include entries for tribe and subfamily, since those are an aid to understanding how Formica relates to other genera in the family Formicidae. But it wouldn't be appropriate to include the superorder Endopterygota, since all genera of ants are in that superorder; it isn't particularly interesting at this level. Another example is the subfamily Bambusoideae, the bamboos. This subfamily probably should be mentioned in the taxobox of every bamboo species, since it is a major grouping in this context, despite its minor rank. Minor ranks are included in the same way as major ranks, for example: | classis = ... | subclassis = ... | superordo = ... | ordo = ... Note that species and subspecies should be given using the abbreviated forms of their name — e.g. H. sapiens, H. s. sapiens. The epithets should not be given by themselves. The full form of the species or subspecies name is given in the binomial or trinomial section. See #All parameters for a complete list. Classification statusWith the|classification_status= parameter, it is possible to introduce extra text within parentheses after "Scientific classification". For example, |classification_status=disputedwill produce "Scientific classification (disputed)". See Oryzomys anoblepas for a current example where this parameter is used. This parameter should only be used when the "Scientific classification" text would be misleading without it. Divisions and sectionsThese ranks have different meanings in zoology and botany. In botany:
Note: Certain very large genera, e.g. Rhododendron include subsections In zoology:
Unranked taxaFor each major taxon from family to phylum, you can add an unranked entry to the taxobox. The entry unranked_X appears above rank X, for example unranked_familia appears above family and superfamily and below order, suborder, infraorder, etc: | ordo = | unranked_familia = | familia = Use unranked taxa sparingly. The need to include unranked taxa generally indicates that you are following phylogenetic nomenclature. It is usually better to abbreviate the classification to the major ranks and then discuss the classification in more detail in the article. VirusesViruses follow a slightly different system. They are not placed in taxa above the rank of order, and instead are treated in seven groups based on the type of nucleic acid they contain, referred to by the Roman numerals I to VII. These can be included in the taxobox using the virus_group argument. This also changes the link from scientific to virus classification, so it should not appear on boxes for non-viruses, even if it is left blank. | virus_group = IV Bold/italic markupItalicization must be done manually. Genus, species, and subspecies should be italicized whenever used, as is the biological standard. For instance, we talk about the genus Homo, the species Homo sapiens, and the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens.
Higher taxa like families may or may not be italicized in different publications. The prevalent standard for Wikipedia is not to italicize them, except in the case of viruses and other infectious particles. Bolding is used to indicate the subject of the article. The name, binomial, and trinomial arguments bold automatically. In the placement section – regnum through species – the final taxon should be bolded, as well as any higher groups that only include the final taxon. See green sulfur bacteria for an example. Subdivisions
Groups above the rank of species (and even species if there are several notable subspecies) should usually include a list of subgroups. Use the subdivision argument for the list, separating elements by <br> tags, and the subdivision_ranks argument to say what rank the subgroups have. For instance, for families in an order: | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = [[wikipedia:Family1]]<br> [[wikipedia:Family2]]<br> [[wikipedia:Family3]] For lists with more than a few subgroups, the list can be bracketed with {{div col}} and {{div col end}}, which will split the list into two columns (see Nettle example at right). In cases where a list would make the taxobox too long, or where the classification is too variable to allow a brief summary, the list should be replaced with a comment like "See text" or the subdivision section should be omitted. As a rule of thumb, when there are more than 100 subgroups they warrant a separate article. In cases where the classification is variable, a description like "Typical orders" or "Notable orders" may be used. In cases where the ranks are uncertain, a description like "Subgroups" or "Taxa" may be preferable. Sometimes it is convenient to represent more than one level of classification in the list. In that case the lower level groups are moved over to the right by prefixing them with characters – usually three for the first level of indentation, and then one to three more for each subsequent level. Major grades may also be represented by bolded headers, as on wikipedia:plant and wikipedia:heterokont. Remember, though, these should mainly be done when the intermediate rank subgroups are not worthy of separate articles; taxoboxes are too small to include too much duplicate information. Conservation statusMain article: Wikipedia:Conservation status
Conservation status may optionally be included; you can search the IUCN's database of threatened species to find the conservation status of many organisms. It is included via the status argument, which takes a code or template. It is not appropriate for prehistoric organisms – the | status = code or | status = EX | extinct = year Use the first syntax (with one of the codes below) except for extinct animals when you wish to show the year of extinction. The code may be all upper or lower case, but the cases used in the table are preferred. The following status codes are available (the third column shows the corresponding template, but this is obsolete and the code is preferred):
Referencing conservation statusTo add a reference for the status, use | status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN2008 | ...}}</ref>
See {{IUCN2008}}, {{IUCN2007}}, {{IUCN2006}}, or {{IUCN}} for the arguments you need to supply to that template. And don't forget that <ref>...</ref> requires a corresponding <references/> in the References section. SystemThe criteria used by the IUCN should also be specified: (case sensitive) | status_system = iucn2.3 or | status_system = iucn3.1 This is used to choose which conservation status graphic to use, as iucn v2.3 had an extra category. Failure to use this parameter will result in no graphic appearing. Other systems are listed at Wikipedia:Conservation status. Fossil rangeThe stratigraphic range for groups known as fossils may also be included, using the fossil_range argument. For instance, for a group known from the Cambrian to the Permian: | fossil_range = [[Cambrian]]–[[Permian]] You may wish to add a diagrammatic representation of the fossil range (see Chitinozoan for a working example), which can be done using the {{Fossil range}} template, for example:
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|542|250}} [[Cambrian]]–[[Permian]]
For groups that still exist, the second period should be given as "Recent" or as "Holocene" for Late Quaternary extinctions such as the Moa, and the current status should be indicated using the status argument. For groups that only existed during a single period, simply list it without giving a range. ImagesAn image can be included using the argument image. It is highly recommended that an image be provided if one is available. Do not include the "File:" part of the image file name! If an image is included, alt text should be provided using image_alt. Alt text should not repeat the caption; instead, it should describe the image to someone who can't see it (see WP:ALT). A caption can be provided using image_caption. A caption need not be provided if it would just repeat the title of the article. It should be provided if it can convey any additional information about the image, such as the sex or life stage of the individual, the location where the picture was taken, the artist (if an engraving or other illustration), or (for higher taxa) the particular species depicted. | image = Sweetbay1082.jpg | image_alt = White flower surrounded by long green leaves. | image_caption = ''Magnolia virginiana'' By default, the image width is determined by users' default thumb size preferences. In general, it is recommended that these preferences be honoured. In some cases, however, it may be desirable to overrule the default size; this can be achieved by use of the image_width parameter. Note that the Manual of Style recommends that if the default thumb size of a lead image is to be overruled, it should be made at least 300px wide, so that users whose default thumb size is 300px do not end up with a lead image smaller than the other images in the article. | image = Sweetbay1082.jpg | image_alt = White flower surrounded by long green leaves. | image_caption = ''Magnolia virginiana'' | image_width = 320px A second image may be added by use of the image2, image2_alt, image2_caption and image2_width arguments. Use this sparingly, and only when the article is long enough, and it makes sense to include the second image here and not later in the article. Camel is a good example (a genus with two well-known representatives). AuthoritiesGenerally, an authority should be given only for the taxa covered by the article. Higher groups which only include the article subject should also list authorities unless those are the same as for the taxa in question. In the case of species (or subspecies) the authority may be given in the binomial (or trinomial) section. Otherwise authorities may be listed in the placement section. For instance, for an order: | ordo = | ordo_authority = The following examples illustrate the different conventions for names, dates, and punctuations in the different kingdoms.
Authorities in scientific names are also abbreviated according to different standards for plants and animals. To decipher standard abbreviations, see
For more information refer to the article on binomial nomenclature. DiversityIn higher taxa, and taxa where the subdivision option does not indicate number of species, the diversity argument may be used. This needs to be accompanied by diversity_link which links to an appropriate page, usually a List of ... species page. See, for example, Banksia: the subdivision lists only two subgenera, so the diversity option is used to specify the number of species. | diversity_link = List of Quercus species | diversity = c. 120 species It is not a good idea to be too precise about the number of species. New species are still being regularly described in many groups. Moreover, changing systematic treatment is liable to alter the species number even in well-known genera. Rounding off the species number and denoting this as approximate value will help decreasing maintenance. Range mapsA range map may be included at the end of the taxobox. This uses the range_map, range_map_width, range_map_alt, and range_map_caption arguments, in the same manner as an image. See leopard (land animal), Northern Flicker (non-migratory bird), Lesser Spotted Eagle (migratory bird) and orca (water animal) for examples. | range_map = Map.jpg | range_map_width = 240px | range_map_alt = Map showing ... | range_map_caption = Range of ... You can generate maps using an appropriate blank map such as Image:BlankMap-World-noborders.png. Do not make the distribution map too large (a width of 300 to 400 should be sufficient, the purpose of the map being a rough global overview; more detailed maps can always go to the article body) and add the map to Category:Habitat maps, or, preferably, if you upload the map to Commons, to commons:Category:Animal distribution maps. SynonymsWhere a species has synonyms, the synonyms argument may be used. This should be a list of synonyms separated by <br/> tags. | synonyms = ''species1'' <small>Authority1</small><br/> ''species2'' <small>Authority2</small> If the synonyms are too long to fit in a single line, you may also use a bulleted list: | synonyms = *''species1''<br/><small>Authority1</small> *''species2''<br/><small>Authority2</small> The first format is preferred for clarity.
Nomenclator Zoologicus has data for all but the most recently-established animal genera. This may be hard to understand for non-specialists, but it is a comprehensive source for the authorship of genus names, both valid ones and junior synonyms. Sometimes one will note that a new name has been established because the older, original name was "preoccupied". This means it has already been established for another taxon of the same rank in the same kingdom before – even if that name is now a synonym too. Taxa that preoccupy a name can be linked in the Synonyms section, such as Stenorhynchus here. Use Type speciesWhen the type species of a genus (or larger grouping) is known, the type_species and type_species_authority can be used. For animal entries, the type species should be the original binomial name of the type species, but linked to its current article, and the authority should be plain (no parenthesis). See Mirza for a type species example. | type_species = | type_species_authority = This follows ICZN Recommendation 67B; be aware that this means the taxon used by the genus' original author – even if it is now invalid, e.g. a junior synonym -. Ideally, it should only be used if the genus' original description can be verified first-hand. As per the following example given by the ICZN: Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, one of the nominal species originally included in the decapod crustacean genus Homarus Weber, 1795, was subsequently designated by Fowler (1912) as the type species of Homarus. The type species is, and should be cited as, Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775. Astacus marinus Fabricius is currently synonymized with Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, but the latter is not the type species of Homarus and should not be cited as such. If mention of the type species is required it should be made in some such manner as "Type species Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, a junior synonym of Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758"; or "Type species Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, now regarded as a synonym of Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758)". If you do not completely understand what this all means, please do not use this parameter. Instead, if possible denote the type species in the species listing, for example with a <small>([[type species]])</small> after the species' (currently valid) name. Italic page titlesIf any of the "genus", "species", or "binomial" parameters specified in the template exactly match the title of the page, and the "name" parameter is unspecified, the page's name in italicised form will be adopted as the name for the taxobox. In addition, the title of the page will be italicized using the {{DISPLAYTITLE}} magic word. When the page name contains the disambiguator "(alga)" or "(genus)", this disambiguator will not be italicized (e.g., Ia (genus)). It is also possible to force the page title to display in italics using the {{Italic title}} template. Complete blank templateThis section gives all parameters in the order that they will appear in the taxobox. No taxobox should use all of these. Keep it short!
{{Taxobox
| color
| name
| status
| status_system
| status_ref
| fossil_range
| image
| image_width
| image_alt
| image_caption
| image2
| image2_width
| image2_alt
| image2_caption
| classification_status
| virus_group
| superdomain
| unranked_superdomain
| unranked_superdomain_authority
| domain
| domain_authority
| unranked_regnum
| unranked_regnum_authority
| superregnum
| superregnum_authority
| regnum
| regnum_authority
| subregnum
| subregnum_authority
| unranked_phylum
| unranked_phylum_authority
| superdivisio
| superdivisio_authority
| superphylum
| superphylum_authority
| divisio
| divisio_authority
| unranked_divisio (sic!)
| unranked_divisio_authority (sic!)
| phylum
| phylum_authority
| subdivisio
| subdivisio_authority
| subphylum
| subphylum_authority
| infraphylum
| infraphylum_authority
| microphylum
| microphylum_authority
| nanophylum
| nanophylum_authority
| unranked_classis
| unranked_classis_authority
| superclassis
| superclassis_authority
| classis
| classis_authority
| subclassis
| subclassis_authority
| infraclassis
| infraclassis_authority
| unranked_ordo
| unranked_ordo_authority
| magnordo
| magnordo_authority
| superordo
| superordo_authority
| ordo
| ordo_authority
| subordo
| subordo_authority
| infraordo
| infraordo_authority
| parvordo
| parvordo_authority
| zoodivisio
| zoodivisio_authority
| zoosectio
| zoosectio_authority
| zoosubsectio
| zoosubsectio_authority
| unranked_familia
| unranked_familia_authority
| superfamilia
| superfamilia_authority
| familia
| familia_authority
| subfamilia
| subfamilia_authority
| unranked_tribus
| unranked_tribus_authority
| supertribus
| supertribus_authority
| tribus
| tribus_authority
| subtribus
| subtribus_authority
| unranked_genus
| unranked_genus_authority
| genus
| genus_authority
| subgenus
| subgenus_authority
| sectio
| sectio_authority
| series
| series_authority
| species_group
| species_group_authority
| species_subgroup
| species_subgroup_authority
| species_complex
| species_complex_authority
| species
| species_authority
| subspecies
| subspecies_authority
| diversity
| diversity_link
| binomial
| binomial_authority
| trinomial
| trinomial_authority
| type_species
| type_species_authority
| subdivision
| subdivision_ranks
| type_strain
| range_map
| range_map_width
| range_map_alt
| range_map_caption
| binomial2
| binomial2_authority
| range_map2
| range_map2_width
| range_map2_alt
| range_map2_caption
| binomial3
| binomial3_authority
| range_map3
| range_map3_width
| range_map3_alt
| range_map3_caption
| binomial4
| binomial4_authority
| range_map4
| range_map4_width
| range_map4_alt
| range_map4_caption
| synonyms_ref
| synonyms
}}
Articles lacking taxoboxesFor articles lacking taxoboxes, add Template:Missing-taxobox to the talk page. This may be done by typing {{Missing-taxobox}} or {{needtaxobox}} at the top of the talk page. MicroformatThis template emits a "species" microformat, according to the current draft ("straw man") specification. Wikipedia editors are invited to comment on or contribute to the development of this microformat, via the above links. The microformat is created by the use of See also
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